World Congress on Endocrinology & Diabetes November 28-29, 2022 Singapore City, Singapore

The coronavirus disease/COVID-19 is a pandemic continues that exerts a significant impact on global health care systems, causing devastating mortality and morbidity. As time passes and our empathetic of this novel respiratory virus develops, it is increasingly clear that its effects extend beyond that of the respiratory system. The coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, severe acute respiratory disorders, coronavirus obtains cellular access through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors in a process requiring the transmembrane serine protease 2 protein. Both angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 are widely expressed in many endocrine glands. This, along with several case reports of thyroid and pituitary disturbance in patients with COVID-19, has resulted in significant interest in its impact on the endocrine system.

Neuroendocrinology is a field of biology that studies the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. That is, how the brain regulates hormonal activity in the body. The nervous and endocrine systems often work together in a process called neuroendocrine integration to regulate the human body's physiological processes. Neuroendocrinology arose from the understanding that the brain, especially the hypothalamus, regulated the secretion of pituitary hormones and then expanded to study the connections between many endocrine and nervous systems. The endocrine system is composed of numerous glands throughout the body that produce and secrete hormones of various chemical structures such as peptides, steroids, and neuroamines. Together, hormones regulate many physiological processes. The nervous endocrine system is the mechanism by which the hypothalamus maintains homeostasis and regulates reproduction, metabolism, eating and drinking behaviour, energy use, osmotic pressure, and blood pressure.

Endocrinology of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (REI) is an obstetrics and gynecology surgeon who trains reproductive medicine physicians to study hormonal functions associated with reproductive and infertility issues. While most REI specialists focus primarily on the treatment of infertility, reproductive endocrinologists are trained to test and treat hormonal dysfunction in women and men other than infertility. Reproductive endocrinologists have completed training in obstetrics and gynecology (obgyn) before pursuing subspecialty (fellowship) at REI. Reproductive surgery is a related specialty that further specializes in surgery for anatomical disorders that affect childbirth by gynecologists or urologists.

Currently, the main impact of molecular medicine on the practice of pediatric endocrinology is associated with the diagnosis and counseling of various hereditary endocrinological disorders. However, the direct therapeutic application of these new discoveries is still in its infancy. Endocrine oncology benefits significantly from the application of new drugs designed to target specific mutations such as those found in thyroid cancer.

The clinical spectrum of COVID19 is heterogeneous, ranging from mild influenza-like symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure, and death. Elderly people, diabetes and other comorbidities have been reported as important predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, impaired immune response, and the potential for direct damage to the pancreas by SARSCoV2 may be one of the underlying mechanisms associated with diabetes and COVID19. There is no conclusive evidence to support the discontinuation of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker, or thiazolidinedione by COVID 19 in diabetic patients. Hypoglycaemic events should be considered when using chloroquine in these individuals. Patient-specific treatment strategies, rigorous glucose monitoring, and careful consideration of drug-drug interactions can reduce adverse consequences.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D), formerly known as juvenile diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that occurs when the islets of Langerhans (including beta cells) in the pancreas produce little or no insulin.  Insulin is a hormone that cells need to use blood sugar levels as energy to help regulate normal glucose levels in the bloodstream.  Before treatment, this leads to high blood sugar levels in the body.  The most common symptoms of this hyperglycemia are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, weight loss, and other serious complications. Other symptoms include blurred vision, malaise, and delayed wound healing. Symptoms are usually short-lived and often develop within a few weeks. The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Underlying mechanisms include autoimmune destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells.  Recent studies suggest that this autoimmune islet destruction may be caused by persistent enterovirus infection. Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in the blood.

Two-type diabetes (T2D) previously known as adult diabetes is in the form of diabetes lacking hyperglycemic, insulin resistance and relative insulin.  General symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, and unusual weight loss.  Symptoms include an increase in hunger, and can feel tired or scratches that do not heal, often symptoms occur.  Long-term complications of hyperglycemia include heart disease, stroke, and diabetic retinopathy, which may be inferior to blind limbs that may lead to blindness, renal failure, and cleavage there is. Sudden start of high hyperasia hyperglycemic states can occur. Keto Azidosis is unusual. Type 2 diabetes is mainly performed due to obesity and lack of movement. Several people are generally more dangerous than others. A type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90% of diabetes cases, and 10% of the other 10% are mainly due to type 1 diabetes and pregnancy diabetes.  In type 1 diabetes, the overall degree of insulin to control blood glucose due to the loss of autoimmune induction of insulin cells producing beta cells in the pancreas. Diagnosis of diabetes is performed by blood tests such as fasting plasma cross, oral glucose resistance test or glycated haemoglobin (A1C).

Prediabetes is a component of metabolic syndrome and is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels below the threshold for diagnosing diabetes mellitus. Although usually not causing symptoms, people with prediabetes generally suffer from obesity (especially abdominal or visceral obesity), dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and / or low HDL cholesterol, and high blood pressure. It is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prediabetes is considered more specifically in the early stages of diabetes, as health complications associated with type 2 diabetes often precede the diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes can be diagnosed by measuring hemoglobin A1C, fasting blood glucose, or glucose tolerance test. Many people can be diagnosed with regular screening tests. The main therapeutic approaches include lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary changes. Some medications can be used to reduce the risk associated with prediabetes. Although the rate of progression to type 2 diabetes is high, not all people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes can become a reversible condition with lifestyle changes.

Gestational diabetes is a condition in which non-diabetic women develop hyperglycemia during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes is generally asymptomatic, but increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, depression, and the need for a caesarean section. Untreated gestational babies born to diabetic mothers are at increased risk of overweight, postpartum hypoglycemia, and jaundice. Stillbirth may occur if left untreated. In the long run, children become obese and are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes can occur during pregnancy due to insulin resistance or decreased insulin production. Risk factors include obesity, a history of gestational diabetes, a family history of type 2 diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Diagnosis is by blood test. Screening is recommended for normal-risk individuals between the 24th and 28th weeks of gestation. For high-risk individuals, testing can be done on the first visit before birth.

Complications of diabetes include problems that develop rapidly (acute) or over time (chronic) and can affect many organ systems. Complications of diabetes can have dramatic impacts on quality of life and cause permanent disability. Overall, complications are less common and less severe in people with well-controlled blood sugar levels.Several immutable risk factors, such as age of onset of diabetes, type of diabetes, gender, and genetics, can affect risk. Other health problems exacerbate the chronic complications of diabetes, such as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and lack of regular exercise. Diabetic complications are a strong risk factor for severe COVID19 disease.

The term diabetes contained several different metabolic diseases, with all untreated, resulting in an abnormal sugar called glucose in the blood and brought untreated to a high concentration sugar. Diabetes Type 1 occurs when the pancreas does not produce a significant amount of hormone insulin for autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. Meanwhile, diabetic type 2 has now taken autoimmune attacks for pancreatic and / or insulin resistance. Pancreas of person with type 2 diabetes can also occur even at normal or abnormalized insulin levels. Other forms of diabetes, such as young forms of different forms of adolescents, may be inadequate insulation and insulin resistance combinations. People with type 1 diabetes also have some degree of insulin resistance. The main goal of diabetes treatment and management is to restore carbohydrate metabolism as normal as possible. To achieve this goal, people with absolute insulin deficiency require insulin replacement therapy given by injection or via an insulin pump. In contrast, insulin resistance can be corrected by dietary changes and exercise. Additional goals for diabetes management include prevention or treatment of the disease itself and many complications that may result from its treatment.

Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat accumulates and can adversely affect your health. Body mass index (BMI) (a measure obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of height (known relative growth inaccuracies)) exceeds 30 kg / m2. People are classified as obese. The range of 25-30 kg / m2 is defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use low values ​​to calculate obesity. Obesity is a major cause of disability and correlates with a variety of disorders and conditions, especially cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain cancers, and osteoarthritis. High BMI is a risk marker for illness caused by diet and physical activity, but it is not a direct cause. There is an interrelationship between obesity and depression, which increases the risk of clinical depression and depression and increases the likelihood of developing obesity.

Diabetes is a metabolic illness in which the body's capacity to release and retain energy from food is harmed. This occurs as a result of issues with insulin synthesis. When a person consumes carbohydrates, the body breaks them down into their most basic form, glucose. This glucose is subsequently absorbed into the bloodstream, where it provides energy to all of the body's cells. The pancreas usually releases insulin when blood glucose levels are too high. This hormone instructs the liver to take glucose from the bloodstream and convert it to glycogen, which the body can store for later use. Insulin levels in diabetics, on the other hand, fall lower than they should. If left untreated, this results in excessive amounts of glucose in the blood, which can have catastrophic implications.

Diabetic retinopathy, sometimes called diabetic eye disease (DED), is a medical condition in which diabetes mellitus damages the retina. In developed countries, it is the major cause of blindness. Diabetic retinopathy affects up to 80% of those with diabetes who have had it for more than 20 years. With careful treatment and ocular monitoring, at least 90% of future cases might be prevented. Diabetic retinopathy is more likely to develop in those who have had diabetes for a long time. Diabetic retinopathy accounts for 12% of all new occurrences of blindness in the United States each year. In persons aged 20 to 64, it is also the primary cause of blindness.

The endocrine system is a messenger system that regulates distant target organs through feedback loops of hormones secreted by internal glands of an organism straight into the circulatory system. The hypothalamus is the neurological control centre for all endocrine systems in animals. The thyroid gland and the adrenal glands are the two primary endocrine glands in humans. Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system and its diseases. An axis is a group of glands that communicate with one another in a specific order, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In addition to the specialist endocrine organs indicated above, many other organs that are part of other body systems, such as bone, kidneys, liver, heart, and gonads, have secondary endocrine activities. The endocrine hormone erythropoietin, for example, is secreted by the kidney. Amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins are examples of hormones.

Diabetes refers to a group of metabolic illnesses that all result in an abnormally high concentration of a sugar called glucose in the blood if left untreated. Type 1 diabetes develops when the pancreas stops producing large amounts of the hormone insulin, mainly due to autoimmune damage of the pancreas' insulin-producing beta cells. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is currently assumed to be caused by autoimmune attacks on the pancreas and/or insulin resistance. A person with type 2 diabetes may have a pancreas that produces normal or even abnormally excessive levels of insulin. Other types of diabetes mellitus, such as the many forms of young-onset diabetes, may be caused by a combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.  Insulin resistance may be present in people with type 1 diabetes to some extent. The basic goal of diabetes treatment and control is to return glucose metabolism to normal as much as feasible. Individuals with an absolute insulin deficit require insulin replacement therapy, which is administered by injections or an insulin pump. Insulin resistance, on the other hand, can be treated with dietary changes and exercise. Other objectives of diabetes management include preventing or treating the numerous problems that might arise from the disease and its treatment.

Slowly growing immune-mediated diabetes, also known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), is a type of diabetes that shares clinical characteristics with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T2D). It's an autoimmune form of diabetes that's comparable to T1D, but patients with LADA often have insulin resistance, which is similar to T2D, and they share several risk factors for the illness. According to studies, LADA patients develop antibodies against insulin-producing cells, and these cells quit releasing insulin at a slower rate than T1D patients. T1D and T2D appear to have genetic risk factors in common, although LADA is genetically separate from both. There is genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity within the LADA patient population, with variable degrees of insulin resistance and autoimmunity. LADA can thus be regarded as a hybrid type of T1D and T2D, with clinical and genotypic parallels to both, as well as variance within LADA in terms of autoimmunity and insulin resistance, based on current information.

The use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition is known as stem-cell therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only established stem cell therapy as of 2016. The cells are normally obtained from bone marrow transplantation, although they can also be obtained from umbilical cord blood. The development of various sources for stem cells, as well as the use of stem-cell therapy for neurological illnesses and conditions including diabetes and heart disease, is currently under way. Following breakthroughs such as scientists' capacity to collect and culture embryonic stem cells, produce stem cells utilising somatic cell nuclear transfer, and apply procedures to create induced pluripotent stem cells, stem-cell therapy has become contentious. This debate is frequently linked to abortion politics and human cloning. Furthermore, efforts to commercialise treatments based on the transplantation of preserved umbilical cord blood have proven divisive.

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the endocrine pancreas beta cells either stop making insulin or can no longer create enough of it to meet the body's needs. The illness is curable, and it does not have to diminish the animal's life expectancy or impair its quality of life. If left untreated, cataracts, increased weakness in the legs (neuropathy), starvation, ketoacidosis, dehydration, and death might occur. Diabetes primarily affects middle-aged and older dogs, though it can also affect puppies.  At the time of diagnosis, the typical canine diabetes patient is middle-aged, female, and overweight. In thirty years, the number of dogs diagnosed with diabetes mellitus has climbed thrice. Only 50% of patients survived the first 60 days following diagnosis and were successfully treated at home, according to survival rates from around the same time. Diabetic dogs who receive therapy now have the same lifetime as non-diabetic dogs of the same age and gender.